On September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists committed the largest and deadliest terrorist attack in
the United States of America. The response from the inter-national community, and in …

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the international law applicable to cyber
operations, including a systematic examination of attribution, lawfulness and remedies. It …

The international law on the use of force is one of the oldest branches of international law. It
is an area twinned with the emergence of international law as a concept in itself, and which …

This article argues that a form of legal regulation is embodied in decisions at the UN Security
Council that condone but do not formally authorize specific military operations. Such …

Existing war powers scholarship focuses overwhelmingly on the President's power to initiate
military operations abroad and the extent to which that power is constrained by Congress. It …

Secret international agreements have a bad reputation. Ever since states misused secret
agreements during World War I, commentators have been quick to condemn these …

This article contains a plea for continuing attention to the elements of international legal
positivism. Using the language of 'elements' deliberately plays on the positivist tendency to …

Complaints about the rise of the" imperial Presidency" often emphasize in particular the
growth in the President's control over the use of military force. 1 Even though the …

May a threatened state use force against armed nonstate actors situated in another state
without the other state's permission? Proponents of the" Unable or Unwilling Doctrine"(" …

This article focuses on one particular factor that is of crucial importance to all self-defence
actions. It is a factor that is almost always present in the application and appraisal of the …