Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the
global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes …

As a bulk solid waste with high alkalinity, red mud (RM) not only occupies a large amount of
land and requires high maintenance costs, but also unavoidably generates serious hazards …

Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production containing residual
minerals of bauxite ore. Significant metallic values with appreciable concentration make it a …

Highlights•The different methods to utilise and recycle of bulk bauxite residue are reviewed.•
Demonstrated the red mud compositions and its disposal and environmental impact.•The …

The paper serves to briefly review the disposal and storage of bauxite residue from the late
nineteenth century and discusses how the environmental aspects of storage and disposal …

The supply risk for some critical rare-earth elements (REEs), which are instrumental in many
cleantech applications, has sparked the development of innovative recycling schemes for …

Bauxite residue is a kind of strong alkaline waste produced in the production of alumina. Its
long-term storage poses a potential threat to the environment. With the tightening of …

Bauxite residue (or red mud) is a waste generated during the Bayer process of alumina
production. Its storage is a spatial and environmental concern. Currently, there are no bulk …

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a hazardous waste generated from alumina refining industries.
Unless managed properly, red mud poses significant risks to the local environment due to its …

Red mud, namely bauxite residue or red sludge, is a potential valued solid waste produced
from the alumina extraction process with substantial reserve of over 2.7 billion tonnes …