Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that
has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis …

Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) is common, often intractable, and can be
severely debilitating. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for this pain, which are …

AV411 (ibudilast; 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo-[1, 5-a] pyridine) is an antiinflammatory
drug that was initially developed for the treatment of bronchial asthma but which also has …

Neuropathic pain is a major, inadequately treated challenge for people with spinal cord
injury (SCI). While SCI pain mechanisms are often assumed to be in the CNS, rodent studies …

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae, GE) a
traditional plant in Oriental countries is known for its enormous benefits to treat headaches …

Objective To test the hypothesis that the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration
inhibitory factor (MIF) is elevated in the circulation of patients with chronic spinal cord injury …

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in various immune-mediated
pathologies and regulates both innate and adaptive immune reactions, thus being related to …

Stress and glucocorticoids exacerbate pain via undefined mechanisms. Macrophage
migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a constitutively expressed protein that is secreted to …

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common and non-lethal
urological condition with painful symptoms. The complexity of CP/CPPS's pathogenesis and …

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and neuropathic pain occur after severe injury to higher levels of
the spinal cord. Mechanisms underlying these problems have rarely been integrated in …