The soft‐bodied cephalopods including octopus, cuttlefish, and squid are broadly
considered to be the most cognitively advanced group of invertebrates. Previous research …

Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of
episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

The ability to perceive and recognise a reflected mirror image as self (mirror self-recognition,
MSR) is considered a hallmark of cognition across species. Although MSR has been …

The affordance of an object refers to its functional properties. For example, a bowl has the
affordance of holding water, but a sieve does not. Here, we report that ants learn the …

Debates around fishes' ability to feel pain concern sentience: do reactions to tissue damage
indicate evaluative consciousness (conscious affect), or mere nociception? Thanks to …

This study aims to establish a protocol for evaluating the object recognition memory and
object location tasks in zebrafish. We evaluated novel the object recognition memory and …

Episodic memory, remembering past experiences based on unique what–where–when
components, declines during ageing in humans, as does episodic-like memory in non …

Learning and memory are essential to organism survival and are conserved across various
species, especially vertebrates. Cognitive studies involving learning and memory require …

A fundamental question in comparative cognition concerns the ability to remember back in
time to an earlier event or episode. This ability is referred to as episodic memory. Whether …