The sinoatrial node is perhaps one of the most important tissues in the entire body: it is the
natural pacemaker of the heart, making it responsible for initiating each-and-every normal …

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an autocrine and paracrine mediator released by
endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts that regulates vital physiological functions …

Chronotropic incompetence (CI) is generally defined as the inability to increase the heart
rate (HR) adequately during exercise to match cardiac output to metabolic demands. In …

Nesfatin-1 is an anorexic nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)-derived hypothalamic peptide. It controls
feeding behavior, water intake, and glucose homeostasis. If intracerebrally administered, it …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is prevalent in hypertension and elevated angiotensin II (Ang II);
however, the mechanisms by which Ang II leads to AF are poorly understood. Here, we …

Key points Sinoatrial node (SAN) function declines with age; however, not all individuals
age at the same rate and health status can vary from fit to frail. Frailty was quantified in …

Hormones are potent endo-, para-, and autocrine endogenous regulators of the function of
multiple organs, including the heart. Endocrine dysfunction promotes a number of …

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly occurs in hypertension and in association with
elevated Ang II (angiotensin II) levels. The specific mechanisms underlying Ang II–mediated …

Aims Atrial fibrillation (AF) produces rapid changes in the electrical properties of the atria
(electrical remodelling) that promote its own recurrence. In chronic AF (CAF) patients, up …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is prevalent in aging populations; however not all individuals age at the
same rate. Instead, individuals of the same chronological age can vary in health status from …