Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high
frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive …

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current
COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike …

The world is in need of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Although first-generation
injectable COVID-19 vaccines continue to be critical tools in controlling the current global …

Aside from centrally induced trained immunity in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral
blood by parenteral vaccination or infection, evidence indicates that mucosal-resident innate …

Background Heterologous effects of vaccines are mediated by “trained immunity,” whereby
myeloid cells are metabolically and epigenetically reprogrammed, resulting in heightened …

Background Adenovirus-vectored (Ad-vectored) vaccines are typically administered via im
injection to humans and are incapable of inducing respiratory mucosal immunity. However …

BCG vaccination can strengthen protection against pathogens through the induction of
epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, a process called trained …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains
a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille …

Viral-vectored vaccines are highly amenable for respiratory mucosal delivery as a means of
inducing much-needed mucosal immunity at the point of pathogen entry. Unfortunately …

Infectious diseases of the respiratory tract are one of the top causes of global morbidity and
mortality with lower respiratory tract infections being the fourth leading cause of death. The …