Snails are highly unusual among multicellular animals in that they move on a layer of costly
mucus, leaving behind a trail that can be followed and utilized for various purposes by …

Covering: up to 2017 Chemical mediation regulates behavioral interactions between
species and thus affects population structure, community organization and ecosystem …

Snails belonging to the genus Littorina are the familiar periwinkles found on rocky sea
shores throughout Western Europe, Scandinavia, North America, Siberia and Japan …

By itself, the absolute distance of an object cannot be accurately judged beyond 2–3 m
(refs). Yet, when it is viewed with reference to a flat terrain, humans accurately judge the …

Efficient transportation, a hot topic in nonlinear science, is essential for modern societies and
the survival of biological species. Biological evolution has generated a rich variety of …

Ecologists sometimes have a less-than-rigorous background in quantitative methods, yet
research within this broad field is becoming increasingly mathematical. Written in a step-by …

Mucus functions in many invertebrate physiological processes and also influences
structuring of the community and the ecosystem. Molluscan mucus is mostly water. The …

Theoretical work predicts that complex habitats allow more species to co-exist in a given
area. However, more field studies are still needed to clarify this relationship, especially in …

The study of speciation in recent populations is essentially a study of the evolution of
reproductive isolation mechanisms between sub‐groups of a species. Prezygotic isolation …

The kelp Laminaria hyperborea provides a habitat for a diverse invertebrate community.
Invertebrate abundance is particularly high in the kelp holdfasts and associated with …