While insomnia is the second most common mental disorder, progress in our understanding
of underlying neurobiological mechanisms has been limited. The present review addresses …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder and a major
cause of disability worldwide. This neurological condition is commonly associated with …

Depression is a significant public health problem, but its etiology and pathophysiology
remain poorly understood. Such incomplete understanding likely arises from the fact that …

Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), the neurobiological
mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Despite decades of speculation regarding …

This review begins with a brief historical overview of attempts in the first half of the 20th
century to discern brain systems that underlie emotion and emotional behavior. These early …

Due to the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depressive disorder, it has been
difficult to elucidate its pathophysiology. Current neurobiological theories with the most valid …

Depression occurs in around 35% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and is often
persistent. Symptoms of depression can be evident in individuals at the time of diagnosis …

In some patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), individual illness characteristics
appear consistent with those of a neuroprogressive illness. Features of neuroprogression …

The neural networks that putatively modulate aspects of normal emotional behavior have
been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by converging evidence from …

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has an important role in regulating maintenance,
growth and survival of neurons. However, the main source of circulating BDNF in response …