Major differences in facial morphology distinguish vertebrate species. Variation of facial
traits underlies the uniqueness of human individuals, and abnormal craniofacial …

Non-coding mutations at the far end of a large gene desert surrounding the SOX9 gene
result in a human craniofacial disorder called Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). Leveraging a …

Pbx genes encode transcription factors that belong to the TALE (three-amino-acid loop
extension) superclass of homeodomain proteins. We have witnessed a surge in information …

Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor (PBX) proteins have important roles in the
development of numerous organs. To date, four members of the PBX family have been …

The joint expression of particular colors, morphologies, and behaviors is a common feature
of adaptation, but the genetic basis for such “phenotypic syndromes” remains poorly …

The BAF complex plays an important role in the development of a wide range of tissues by
modulating gene expression programs at the chromatin level. However, its role in neural …

Background Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a type of rare congenital syndrome caused by
developmental disorders of the first and second pharyngeal arches that occurs in one out of …

A lingering question in developmental biology has centered on how transcription factors with
widespread distribution in vertebrate embryos can perform tissue-specific functions. Here …

The specification of distinct cardiac lineages occurs before chamber formation and
acquisition of bona fide atrial or ventricular identity. However, the mechanisms underlying …

Objectives: Clefts of the lip, alveolus and/or palate (CLA/P) are the most common
craniofacial congenital malformations in humans. These oral clefts can be divided into non …