The dissonant development of positive and negative lightning leaders is a central question
in atmospheric electricity. It is also the likely root cause of other reported asymmetries …

Negative lightning leaders observed at very close (within a few kilometers) distances often
exhibit heavy branching with many active tips forming a network‐like structure with a …

Upward lightning is rarer than downward lightning and requires tall (100+ m) structures to
initiate. It may be either self‐initiated or triggered by other lightning discharges. While …

Positive lightning leaders are a ubiquitous, yet poorly understood, component of lightning
flashes. Upward lightning started by positive leaders may be formed when nearby storm …