The pinewood nematode, which causes a disease known as pine wilt, is a serious threat to
pine forests all over the world. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of pine wilt disease …

In natural systems, the change of ecological environment can indirectly affect some key
biological parameters of species and their activity patterns, among which the imprecision of …

In this study, we propose a fat-estrogen-breast cancer mathematical model to discuss the
effect of body mass, estrogen, and the immune system on the evolution of cancer cells. To …

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. Chemotherapy is primarily used
for patients with stage 2 to 4 breast cancer. Most chemotherapy drugs are effective at …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that mainly impacts CD4+ T cells
inside the immune system, causing a gradual decline in immunological function. If untreated …

In this research article, we present the dynamic analysis of the prey–predator model, adding
the fear and the Allee effects. The main objective of this study is to analyze the periodicity …

Many discrete systems have more distinctive dynamical behaviors compared to continuous
ones, which has led lots of researchers to investigate them. The discrete predator–prey …

We examine a discrete-time model of plant-herbivore interaction, in which the population of
plants follows the Ricker law and is affected by strong Allee effects. We discuss the …

This study analyzed the dynamics of a two-dimensional prey–predator model that
incorporates the Allee and fear effects. We conducted stability analysis of the fixed points in …

In ecology, interactions between various species that live in a similar habitat are common. In
the plant-pathogen-herbivore interactions, plants are invaded by pathogens and herbivores …