Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is the
most common adverse effect of lithium and occurs in up to 40% of patients. Renal lithium …

The water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, plays a
pivotal role in maintaining body water balance. The channel is regulated by the peptide …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy \(3rd edition\) Page 1
EDITORIAL Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd …

The kidney collecting duct is an important renal tubular segment for regulation of body water
homeostasis and urine concentration. Water reabsorption in the collecting duct principal …

Water excretion is regulated in large part through the regulation of osmotic water
permeability of the renal collecting duct epithelium. Water permeability is controlled by …

Seven aquaporin water channels are expressed in human kidneys, and they have key roles
in maintaining body water homeostasis. Impairment of their function can result in …

Organoid technology is rapidly gaining ground for studies on organ (patho) physiology.
Tubuloids are long-term expanding organoids grown from adult kidney tissue or urine. The …

Diabetic macroangiopathy–a specific form of accelerated atherosclerosis–is characterized
by intra-plaque new vessel formation due to excessive/abnormal neovasculogenesis and …

Trace amounts of lithium are essential for our physical and mental health, and administration
of lithium has improved the quality of life of millions of patients with bipolar disorder for> 60 …