Because of the sex-gender differences that are shown in a diversity of physiological and
psychological factors, it can be speculated that the clinical presentation of symptoms as well …

Women and men are suggested to have differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric
disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) …

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), the most common diagnoses in
gastroenterology, are recognized by morphologic and physiological abnormalities that often …

Sex differences in immunity are well described in the literature and thought to be mainly
driven by sex hormones and sex-linked immune response genes. The gastrointestinal tract …

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder and it is now
evident that irritable bowel syndrome is a multi-factorial complex of changes in microbiota …

The secondary injury cascade that is activated following traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces
responses from multiple physiological systems, including the immune system. These …

Background: Serotonin (5-HT) has a pleiotropic function in gastrointestinal, neurological/
psychiatric and liver diseases. The aim of this review was to elucidate whether the gut …

A mucus layer covers and protects the intestinal epithelial cells from direct contact with
microbes. This mucus layer not only prevents inflammation but also plays an essential role …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common reason to visit a gastroenterologist. IBS
was believed to be a functional disease, but many possible pathophysiologic mechanisms …

Evidence suggests that long-term stress facilitates visceral pain through sensitization of pain
pathways and promotes chronic visceral pain disorders such as the irritable bowel …