Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide.
More than a billion people smoke, and without major increases in cessation, at least half will …

Acetylcholine (AC h) plays an important role in memory function and has been implicated in
aging‐related dementia, in which the impairment of hippocampus‐dependent learning …

As an anti-inflammatory alkaloid, nicotine plays dual roles in treating diseases. Here we
reviewed the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of nicotine on inflammatory …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden
our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the …

Nicotine stimulates the dopamine (DA) system, which is essential for its rewarding effect.
Nicotine is also aversive at high doses; yet, our knowledge about nicotine's dose-dependent …

Background: Cigarette smoking is the main cause of preventable death in developed
countries. While the direct positive behavioral reinforcing effect of nicotine has historically …

Nicotine is a highly addictive drug found in tobacco that drives its continued use despite the
harmful consequences. The initiation of nicotine abuse involves the mesolimbic dopamine …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a family of ligand-gated ion
channels present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, that are permeable to mono …

Nicotine is the principal addictive component that drives continued tobacco use despite
users' knowledge of the harmful consequences. The initiation of addiction involves the …