In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

Cellular metabolism orchestrates the intricate use of tissue fuels for catabolism and
anabolism to generate cellular energy and structural components. The emerging field of …

Macrophages are a diverse set of cells present in all body compartments. This diversity is
imprinted by their ontogenetic origin (embryonal versus adult bone marrow–derived cells); …

Macrophages are key immune cells that respond to infections, and modulate
pathophysiological conditions such as wound healing. By possessing phagocytic activities …

Mitochondria are not only the main energy supplier but are also the cell metabolic center
regulating multiple key metaborates that play pivotal roles in epigenetics regulation. These …

Glutamine metabolism provides synergistic support for macrophage activation and elicitation
of desirable immune responses; however, the underlying mechanisms regulated by …

Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of diseases in which dysregulated immune
responses have an important role. However, most of the immunotherapy strategies currently …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

The Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play pivotal
roles in many aspects of the immune response, including immune cell development and …

Sepsis occurs when an infection exceeds local tissue containment and induces a series of
dysregulated physiologic responses that result in organ dysfunction. A subset of patients …