Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

The interaction between T cell and dendritic cells (DCs) that leads to T cell activation affects
the progression of the immune response including autoimmune diseases. Antigen …

The development of Th1 lymphocytes is essential for cell-mediated immunity and resistance
against intracellular pathogens. However, if left unregulated, the same response can cause …

Bispecific nanoparticles (NPs) are conjugated with two antibodies that enhance T cell
cytotoxicity by sequentially targeting CD3 and tumor-specific proteins. This interaction …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central regulators of the balance between immunity and tolerance,
and alteration of the specialized DC system is a common feature of both systemic and tissue …

Dendritic cells (DC) initiate the differentiation of CD4+ helper T cells into effector cells
including Th1 and Th17 responses that play an important role in inflammation and …

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis represent polar immune diseases. AD
is a TH2/TH22-dominant disease, whereas psoriasis is considered a TH1/TH17 disease …

The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins has a vital role
in the regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory cascades. SOCS1 …

Many autoimmune diseases are more frequent in females than in males in humans and their
mouse models, and sex differences in immune responses have been shown. Despite …

BACKGROUND: Newborns have frequent infections and manifest impaired vaccine
responses, motivating a search for neonatal vaccine adjuvants. Alum is a neonatal adjuvant …