The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of
neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert …

Fluorescent calcium sensors are widely used to image neural activity. Using structure-based
mutagenesis and neuron-based screening, we developed a family of ultrasensitive protein …

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for systems
neuroscience. Recent efforts in protein engineering have significantly increased the …

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for systems
neuroscience. Here we describe red, single-wavelength GECIs,“RCaMPs,” engineered from …

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be used to image activity in defined
neuronal populations. However, current GECIs produce inferior signals compared to …

Synaptic plasticity in adult neural circuits may involve the strengthening or weakening of
existing synapses as well as structural plasticity, including synapse formation and …

Electrophysiology, the'gold standard'for investigating neuronal signalling, is being
challenged by a new generation of optical probes. Together with new forms of microscopy …

Fluorescent calcium indicator proteins, such as GCaMP3, allow imaging of activity in
genetically defined neuronal populations. GCaMP3 can be expressed using various gene …

Understanding the principles of information processing in neural circuits requires systematic
characterization of the participating cell types and their connections, and the ability to …