Despite long-standing experimental interest in ctenophores due to their unique biology,
ecological influence and evolutionary status, previous work has largely been constrained by …

Environmental stressors are assessed through methods that quantify their impacts on a wide
range of metrics including species density, growth rates, reproduction, behaviour and …

Cnidarians are emerging model organisms for cell and molecular biology research.
However, successful cell culture development has been challenging due to incomplete …

The formation of extracellular DNA traps (ETosis) is a first response mechanism by specific
immune cells following exposure to microbes. Initially characterized in vertebrate …

Ctenophores are the descendants of the earliest surviving lineage of ancestral metazoans,
predating the branch leading to sponges (Ctenophore-first phylogeny). Emerging genomic …

Innexins facilitate cell–cell communication by forming gap junctions or nonjunctional
hemichannels, which play important roles in metabolic, chemical, ionic, and electrical …

Innate immunity is an ancient physiological response critical for protecting metazoans from
invading pathogens. It is the primary pathogen defense mechanism among invertebrates …

Cell suspension fluidics, such as flow cytometry (FCS) and fluorescence-activated cell
sorting (FACS), facilitates the identification and precise separation of individual cells based …

The sea urchin is an emergent model system for studying basic and translational
immunology. Here we report a new method for the harvesting and maintenance of primary …

In the context of global change, symbiotic cnidarians are largely affected by seawater
temperature elevation leading to symbiosis breakdown. This process, also called bleaching …