It has been 50 years since Francis Fontan pioneered the operation that today bears his
name. Initially designed for patients with tricuspid atresia, this procedure is now offered for a …

In 1998, a clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was established,
categorizing PH into groups which share similar pathological and hemodynamic …

Pulmonary hypertension is associated with diverse cardiac, pulmonary, and systemic
diseases in neonates, infants, and older children and contributes to significant morbidity and …

Trusted by generations of cardiologists for the latest, most reliable guidance in the field,
Braunwald's Heart Disease, 11th Edition, remains your# 1 source of information on rapidly …

Life expectancy and quality of life for those born with congenital heart disease (CHD) have
greatly improved over the past 3 decades. While representing a great advance for these …

In a Fontan circuit the mechanisms involved in control of cardiac output at rest and during
exercise differ significantly from normal. The classical model presumes an unlimited preload …

Current classifications of pulmonary hypertension have contributed a great deal to our
understanding of pulmonary vascular disease, facilitated drug trials, and improved our …

Background: The Fontan operation creates a total cavopulmonary connection, a circulation
in which the importance of pulmonary vascular resistance is magnified. Over time, this …

Background Nonpulsatile pulmonary blood flow in Fontan circulation results in pulmonary
vascular disease, but the potential relationships between pulmonary vascular resistance …

Almost fifty years after its first clinical application, the modified Fontan operation is among
the most frequently performed procedures in congenital heart disease surgery in children …