Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both
pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and …

The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the undisputed
role of innate immune cells in this condition have dominated the field in the basic research …

Abstract The herbicide paraquat (PQ; 1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridylium dichloride) is a highly
toxic organic heterocyclic herbicide that has been widely used in agricultural settings. Since …

Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by
acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation …

Vitamin D is customarily involved in maintaining bone and calcium homeostasis. However,
contemporary studies have identified the implication of vitamin D in several cellular …

Alternaria alternata is a saprophytic mold whose spores are disseminated in warm dry air,
the typical weather of the Mediterranean climate region (from 30° to 45°), with a peak during …

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic remains aglobal challenge. While there are mRNA
agents on the horizon as apotential prevention, adefinitive drug therapy is an unmet medical …

Free-living amoebas, including Acanthamoeba spp., are widely distributed in soil, water, and
air. They are capable of causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a disease characterized by pulmonary diffusion dysfunction and its
exacerbation stage is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may develop to …