Here, we review recent empirical advances that have improved our understanding of why
and when sex change occurs. We show that sex-changing animals use a greater diversity of …

Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either
sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and …

Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans covers crustacean reproduction as it deals
with the structural morphology of the gamete-producing primary sex organs, such as the …

Hermaphroditism is taxonomically widespread among teleost fishes and takes on many
forms including simultaneous, protogynous, and protandrous hermaphroditism, bidirectional …

Recent developmental and genomic research focused on “slipper snails” in the genus
Crepidula has positioned Crepidula fornicata as a de facto model system for …

Molluscs show a wide diversity of sexual systems and strategies. There are both gastropod
and bivalve families that are each primarily dioecious, simultaneous hermaphrodites, or …

Application of optimality theory to the evolution of life histories has been broadly successful
in predicting the conditions favoring sex change, the type of change, and the timing of such …

Preface xii an individual can be both a functional male and a female at the same time. In
some of these simultaneous hermaphrodites, an individual may alternate between male and …

According to the size‐advantage hypothesis, protandric sequential hermaphroditism is
expected when the increase in reproductive success with age or size is small for males but …

The endangered patellid limpet Patella ferruginea is a protandrous species endemic to the
Mediterranean. Previous studies have shown that sex change occurs in the species when …