Cancer immunotherapy offers substantive benefit to patients with various tumour types, in
some cases leading to complete tumour clearance. However, many patients do not respond …

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic molecule with associated antiproliferative, pro-
apoptotic and antitumor mechanisms. This effector cytokine, often considered as a major …

CD4+ T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease. In the original model,
specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage …

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic illness causing significant
morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in surgical technique addressing primary brain …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

Adaptive immune responses are tailored to different types of pathogens through
differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into functionally distinct subsets of effector T cells (T …

For over 35 years since Mosmann and Coffman proposed the seminal “type 1 T helper
(Th1)/type 2 T helper (Th2)” hypothesis in 1986, the immunological community has …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2
cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection …

CD4+ T cells are crucial in achieving a regulated effective immune response to pathogens.
Naive CD4+ T cells are activated after interaction with antigen‐MHC complex and …