Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in
changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are …

Naive T cells are actively maintained in a quiescent state that promotes their survival and
persistence. On antigen stimulation, T cells exit quiescence to initiate clonal expansion and …

Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease,
the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For …

The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the
immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling …

CD4+ T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease. In the original model,
specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage …

In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically
regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have …

Abstract T helper 2 (TH 2) cells orchestrate protective type 2 immune responses, such as
those that target helminths and facilitate tissue repair, but also contribute to chronic …

T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T
helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T …

Macrophage activation status is intrinsically linked to metabolic remodeling. Macrophages
stimulated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) to become alternatively (or, M2) activated increase fatty …

Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism support the concept that fundamental
processes in T cell biology, such as TCR-mediated activation and T helper lineage …