Zinc and cellular oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) each participate in a
multitude of physiological functions. There is considerable overlap between the affected …

The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial
role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have historically been viewed as toxic metabolic byproducts
and causal agents in a myriad of human pathologies. More recent work, however, indicates …

The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes functions in a coordinated
manner with protein tyrosine kinases to control signalling pathways that underlie a broad …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most potent and ubiquitous profibrogenic
cytokine, and its expression is increased in almost all the fibrotic diseases and in …

Oxidants are produced as a by-product of aerobic metabolism, and organisms ranging from
prokaryotes to mammals have evolved with an elaborate and redundant complement of …

Redox homeostasis is crucial for proper cellular functions, including receptor tyrosine kinase
signaling, protein folding, and xenobiotic detoxification. Under basal conditions, there is a …

Besides its well‐known regulatory role on circadian rhythm, the pineal gland hormone
melatonin has other biological functions and a distinct metabolism in various cell types and …

Cadmium is a toxic metal with no known biological function. It is increasingly important as an
environmental hazard to both humans and wildlife, and it exemplifies the double edged …

Cadmium is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant that represents hazard to humans
and wildlife. It is found in the air, soil and water and, due to its extremely long half-life …