Abstract Purpose of Review The changes or updates in ocean biogeochemistry component
have been mapped between CMIP5 and CMIP6 model versions, and an assessment made …

BACKGROUND Earth system models (ESMs) simulate physical, chemical, and biological
processes that underlie climate and are the most complex in a hierarchy of models of Earth's …

Extreme temperature events have occurred in all ocean basins in the past two decades with
detrimental impacts on marine biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services. However …

Recent shifts in the geographic distribution of marine species have been linked to shifts in
preferred thermal habitats. These shifts in distribution have already posed challenges for …

Time series now have sufficient duration to determine harmful algal bloom (HAB) responses
to changing climate conditions, including warming, stratification intensity, freshwater inputs …

Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment of
projected global and regional ocean temperature change is based on global climate models …

Ocean biogeochemical models describe the ocean's circulation, physical properties,
biogeochemical properties and their transformations using coupled differential equations …

Climate change and decadal variability are impacting marine fish and invertebrate species
worldwide and these impacts will continue for the foreseeable future. Quantitative …

Growing human populations and changing dietary preferences are increasing global
demands for fish, adding pressure to concerns over fisheries sustainability. Here we develop …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …