Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Contexts surround and imbue meaning to events; they are essential for recollecting the past,
interpreting the present and anticipating the future. Indeed, the brain's capacity to …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat
pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in …

Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear
responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity …

Successfully differentiating safety from danger is an essential skill for survival. While
decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is associated with fear …