Background Varicocele (VC) is present in 35-40% of men with infertility. However, current
surgical and antioxidant treatments are not completely effective. In addition to oxidative …

Spermatogenesis is a multi-step biological process where mitotically active diploid (2n)
spermatogonia differentiate into haploid (n) spermatozoa via regulated meiotic …

Human prenatal skin is populated by innate immune cells, including macrophages, but
whether they act solely in immunity or have additional functions in morphogenesis is …

Studies of human lung development have focused on epithelial and mesenchymal cell types
and function, but much less is known about the developing lung immune cells, even though …

Background Inflammation-induced testicular damage is a significant contributing factor to the
increasing incidence of infertility. Traditional treatments during the inflammatory phase often …

Increased ovarian fibrosis and an expanded stromal cell compartment are the main
characteristics of aging ovaries. However, the molecular mechanisms and the key factor of …

The ovary is a female reproductive organ that plays a key role in fertility and the
maintenance of endocrine homeostasis, which is of great importance to women's health. It is …

Female fertility decline is an accumulative consequence caused by complex factors, among
them, the disruption of the immune profile in female reproduction stands out as a crucial …

Steroidogenesis is an essential biological process for embryonic development,
reproduction, and adult health. While specific glandular cells, such as Leydig cells in the …

The male reproductive system, particularly the male gamete, offers a unique barrier to the
immune system. The growing germ cells in the testis need to be shielded from autoimmune …