The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Aortic aneurysm, including thoracic aortic aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysm, is the
second most prevalent aortic disease following atherosclerosis, representing the ninth …

Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in
humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due …

Purpose of Review Mitochondria are recognized to be one of the most important organelles
in chondrocytes for their role in triphosphate (ATP) generation through aerobic …

Irisin protects the cardiovascular system against vascular diseases. However, its role in
chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated vascular calcification (VC) and the underlying …

Mitochondria are crucial bioenergetics powerhouses and biosynthetic hubs within cells,
which can generate and sequester toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to …

Autophagy is a strictly regulated process that degrades and recycles long-lived or misfolded
proteins and damaged organelles for the maintenance of energy and function homeostasis …

Arteriosclerosis is an important age-dependent disease that encompasses atherosclerosis,
in-stent restenosis (ISR), pulmonary hypertension, autologous bypass grafting and …

Abstract Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is an important mitochondrial matrix
enzyme in cellular energy regulation. Previous studies suggested that PDK4 is increased in …