Due to the key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of
immunoinflammatory diseases, TNF-α inhibitors have been successfully developed and …

Background Alopecia areata is a disorder that results in nonscarring hair loss. The
psychological impact can be significant, leading to feelings of depression and social …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious medical problem affecting millions of peoples worldwide,
and has a great socio-economic impacts. Cytokines possess a pivotal role in modulation of …

Metformin (dimethyl biguanide) is a synthetic derivative of guanidine, isolated from the
extracts of Galega officinalis, a plant with a prominent antidiabetic effect. Since its discovery …

Glucocorticoids regulate many physiological processes and have an essential role in the
systemic response to stress. For example, gene transcription is modulated by the …

Maintaining the correct number of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) is critical for proper
oxygenation of tissues throughout the body. Therefore, RBC homeostasis is a tightly …

Highlights•MIF acts cytokine, enzyme, endocrine hormone and chaperon-like molecule.•D-
DT, a member of the MIF family, exerts non-redundant effects from MIF.•MIF and D-DT are up …

Introduction: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has emerged as a promising drug
target in diseases including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. MIF has multiple …

Neuropathic pain is a major, inadequately treated challenge for people with spinal cord
injury (SCI). While SCI pain mechanisms are often assumed to be in the CNS, rodent studies …

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that
has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis …