Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is the most widely
used herbicide in the world. It can persist in the environment for days or months, and its …

For decades, evolutionary biologists have argued that changes in cis-regulatory sequences
constitute an important part of the genetic basis for adaptation. Although originally based on …

Neuropeptides are ubiquitous in the nervous system. Research into neuropeptides has
been limited by a lack of experimental tools that allow for the precise dissection of their …

Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in
the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate …

Stress is a complex experience that carries both aversive and motivating properties. Chronic
stress causes an increase in the risk of depression, is well known to increase relapse of drug …

Stress is most often associated with aversive states. It rapidly induces the release of
hormones and neuropeptides including dynorphin, which activates kappa opioid receptors …

Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

Stress is a complex human experience having both positive and negative motivational
properties. When chronic and uncontrollable, the adverse effects of stress on human health …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

This review covers recent developments in the cellular neurophysiology of retrograde
signaling in the mammalian central nervous system. Normally at a chemical synapse a …