Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity, leading to
impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death. It is a major risk …

Introduction In bone tissue, bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by
osteoblasts are repeated continuously. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from …

Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and
bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) binds RANK on the
surface of osteoclast precursors to trigger osteoclastogenesis. Recent studies have …

Bone homeostasis depends on the resorption of bones by osteoclasts and formation of
bones by the osteoblasts. Imbalance of this tightly coupled process can cause diseases …

The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone
cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on …

The development, maintenance of healthy bone and regeneration of injured tissue in the
human body comprise a set of intricate and finely coordinated processes. However, an …

Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which
include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …