The development of therapeutic approaches for the induction of robust, long-lasting and
antigen-specific immune tolerance remains an important unmet clinical need for the …

Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, in addition to other regulatory cells, contribute to
immunological tolerance to prevent autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. Tr1 cells …

How T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength modulates T cell function and to what extent this is
modified by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) are key questions in immunology. Using …

When dormant naïve T cells first become activated by antigen‐presenting cells, they express
the autocrine growth factor IL‐2 which transforms them into rapidly dividing effector T cells …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic complex systemic autoimmune disease
characterized by multiple autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, with the potential to …

T cells that encounter self-antigens after exiting the thymus avert autoimmunity through
peripheral tolerance. Pathways for this include an unresponsive state known as anergy …

Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only means of altering the natural
immunological course of allergic diseases and achieving long‐term remission …

Highlights•Specific immunotherapy is the 'holy grail'for treatment of autoimmunity.•Antigens
are delivered by either direct or indirect presentation mechanisms.•Liver APC and steady …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a unique multicellular physical structure, maintains the
central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and its disruption along with neurotoxic blood …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae genus that has rapidly disseminated from
across the Pacific to the Americas. Robust evidence has indicated a crucial role of ZIKV in …