Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the
global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes …

The process chain of energy conversion from primary energy carriers to final energy use is
subject to several losses. Especially in end use, vast amounts of converted energy occur as …

Assessment of the social science literature and regional case studies reveals how social
norms, culture, and individual choices, interact with infrastructure and other structural …

Under many scenarios, fossil fuels are projected to remain the dominant energy source until
at least 2050. However, harder-to-reach fossil fuels require more energy to extract and …

Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5° C describe major transformations in energy
supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by …

Most commentators expect improved energy efficiency and reduced energy demand to
provide the dominant contribution to tackling global climate change. But at the global level …

Heat is the most common form of energy either in final or intermediate forms, with the latter
enabling energy conversion to other useful forms. Heat is primarily sourced from fossil fuels …

Climate change poses great challenges to modern societies, central amongst which is to
decouple human need satisfaction from energy use. Energy systems are the main source of …

Two-phase internal flow is ubiquitous to many systems due to its ability to transfer large
amounts of heat effectively. Recent advances motivated by sustainability have pushed …

Waste heat is a major source of recoverable loss in societal energy use, offering significant
potential for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. A number of studies have been carried …