Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Following years of record highs, an unexpected and precipitous reduction in Antarctic sea-
ice extent started in 2016. This decline, lasting three years, was the most pronounced of the …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctica's floating ice shelves accounts for about half of
their mass loss in steady state, where gains in ice-shelf mass are balanced by losses. Ice …

Abstract The Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) is a coherent circulation feature that rings the
Antarctic continental shelf and regulates the flow of water toward the Antarctic coastline. The …

Recent observations show that the rate at which the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is contributing
to sea level rise is increasing. Increases in ice‐ocean heat exchange have the potential to …

Even if anthropogenic warming were constrained to less than 2° C above pre-industrial, the
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will continue to lose mass this century, with rates similar …

Mass loss from the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has increased in
recent decades, suggestive of sustained ocean forcing or an ongoing, possibly unstable …

We present two narratives on the future of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, from the
perspective of an observer looking back from 2070. In the first scenario, greenhouse gas …

Abstract Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) supplies the lower limb of the global overturning
circulation, ventilates the abyssal ocean and sequesters heat and carbon on multidecadal to …