Gender and biological sex impact the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including
metabolic disorders such as diabetes. In most parts of the world, diabetes is more prevalent …

Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, such as an increased
cardiometabolic risk. Despite higher adiposity for a given BMI, premenopausal women are at …

Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with
obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that …

Background Endogenous sex hormones are important for metabolic health in men and
women. Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic cardiovascular …

We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a
single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized …

Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Over the last two decades, it has become evident that estrogens preserve the integrity of
energy homeostasis at central and peripheral levels. Estrogen deficiency, such as that …

Testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are produced in male and female humans and are
potent metabolic regulators in both sexes. When E2 and T production stops or decreases …

Metabolic homeostasis operates differently in men and women. This sex asymmetry is the
result of evolutionary adaptations that enable women to resist loss of energy stores and …

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Large, randomized
controlled trials suggest that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) delays the onset of type 2 …