The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented
in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women …

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy diagnosed in women. Approximately 70% of
breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER). Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) …

Seventy percent of breast cancers express estrogen receptor (ER), and most of these are
sensitive to ER inhibition. However, many such tumors for unknown reasons become …

Somatic mutations in the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene (ESR1), especially Y537S and
D538G, have been linked to acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Cell-based studies …

Endocrine therapy has become one of most effective forms of targeted adjuvant therapy for
hormone-sensitive breast cancer and may be given after surgery or radiotherapy, and also …

The estrogen receptor α (ERα) has proven to be the single most important target in breast
cancer over the last 30 years. The use of the selective ER modulator (SERM) tamoxifen for …

Tamoxifen has been the mainstay of hormonal therapy in both early and advanced breast
cancer patients for approximately three decades. The availability of novel compounds such …

Background Estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) metastatic breast cancer is often
intractable due to endocrine therapy resistance. Although ESR1 promoter switching events …

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are widely used as an adjuvant endocrine treatment in
postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer. Clinical trials have assessed 5 …

While numerous therapies are highly efficacious in early-stage breast cancers and in
particular subsets of breast cancers, therapeutic resistance and metastasis unfortunately …