Autoimmunity, hyperstimulation of the immune system, can be caused by a variety of
reasons. Viruses are thought to be important environmental elements that contribute to the …

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by
most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate …

Background Graves' disease (GD) is a typical organ-specific autoimmune disease. Intestinal
flora plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis and autoimmune disease development …

Radioiodines have a long history in nuclear medicine. Herein, we discuss the production,
properties and applications of these versatile iodine‐based imaging and theragnostic …

Abstract Purpose Treatment options in Graves' disease are clearly defined, but management
practices and the perceptions of success are varied. The outcomes of treatment in large …

Thyroid hormones play an important role in many metabolic processes in the human body.
However, these processes can often be disrupted by an over or underactivity of the thyroid …

Autoimmune conditions of the thyroid are frequent causes of thyroiditis or inflammation of the
thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United …

Objective: Graves' disease is the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism in populations with
sufficient dietary iodine intake. Anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) are often used as the initial …

Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent
insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are gastrointestinal peptides secreted from …

Abstract Background Surgery for Graves' disease (GD) is usually performed after adequate
control with medical treatment. Occasionally, rapid pre-operative optimization is required …