Transorbital endoscopic approaches are increasing in popularity as they provide corridors to
reach various areas of the ventral skull base through the orbit. They can be used either …

Background Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) comprises a group of
approaches with indications expanding from orbital tumors to more complex skull base …

THE endoscopic transorbital route to the skull base is increasing in popularity, and a variety
of different publications have recently emerged in the literature outlining the application of …

OBJECTIVE The endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA) has been developed, permitting
a new surgical corridor. Due to the vertical limitation of the ETOA, some lesions of the …

BACKGROUND: The recent development of the superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital
approach (SETOA) offered a new route for the management of cavernous sinus and middle …

OBJECTIVE The petrous apex (PA) is one of the most challenging areas in skull base
surgery because it is surrounded by numerous critical neurovascular structures. The authors …

Background The endoscopic transorbital approach to the skull base is currently growing in
popularity, and it is nowadays progressively used as a skull base approach. Clinical …

Objective Superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach (SETOA) is nowadays gaining
progressive application in neurosurgical scenarios. Both anatomic and clinical reports have …

Purpose This study defines the specific areas that connect the surgical corridors of the
endoscopic endonasal (EEA) and transorbital approach (TOA) to identify adequate clinical …

Background Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) offers a new level of minimally
invasive, minimally disfiguring skull base surgery with maximal surgical visualization …