Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by a delayed interferon (IFN) response …

Conspectus In vitro-transcribed RNAs are emerging as new biologics for therapeutic
innovation, as exemplified by their application recently in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. RNAs …

INTRODUCTION Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are rapidly deployed in response to
invading pathogens. By initiating a signaling cascade that stimulates the expression of …

The transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) genes is a key feature of the mammalian
antiviral response that limits viral replication and dissemination. A hallmark of severe COVID …

Numerous membrane‐less organelles, composed of a combination of RNA and proteins,
are observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. These RNP granules include …

Cells have evolved highly specialized sentinels that detect viral infection and elicit an
antiviral response. Among these, the stress-sensing protein kinase R, which is activated by …

Double-stranded RNA produced during viral replication and transcription activates both
protein kinase R (PKR) and ribonuclease L (RNase L), which limits viral gene expression …

Viral reproduction is contingent on viral protein synthesis that relies on the host ribosomes.
As such, viruses have evolved remarkable strategies to hijack the host translational …

In response to foreign and endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), protein kinase R
(PKR) and ribonuclease L (RNase L) reprogram translation in mammalian cells. PKR …

The antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase L, is activated by the mammalian innate immune
response to destroy host and viral RNA to ultimately reduce viral gene expression. Herein …