Cancer immunotherapy involves blocking the interactions between the PD-1/PD-L1 immune
checkpoints with antibodies. This has shown unprecedented positive outcomes in clinics …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by early metastasis and
resistance to anti-cancer therapy, leading to an overall poor prognosis. Despite continued …

Autophagy is a genetically well-controlled cellular process that is tightly controlled by a set of
core genes, including the family of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy is a “double …

PD-1–PD-L1 interaction is known to drive T cell dysfunction, which can be blocked by anti-
PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, studies have also shown that the function of the PD-1–PD …

Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and
dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in …

Autophagy is a catabolic process that is essential to the maintenance of homeostasis
through the cellular recycling of damaged organelles or misfolded proteins, which sustains …

The programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 (B7-H1) signaling pathway has been
the focus of much enthusiasm in the fields of tumor immunology and oncology with recent …

Background Molecular subtyping of urothelial cancer (UC) has significantly advanced the
understanding of bladder tumor heterogeneity and development of prognostic and predictive …

Background: Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells represents a
powerful immune evasion pathway, but the role of intracellular or cytoplasmic PD-L1 has not …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has conventionally been considered as a type I
transmembrane protein that can interact with its receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) …