Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Research on the psychology of learning has highlighted straightforward ways of enhancing
learning. However, effective learning strategies are underused by learners. In this Review …

The science of learning has made a considerable contribution to our understanding of
effective teaching and learning strategies. However, few instructors outside of the field are …

Given the growing interest in retrieval practice among educators, it is valuable to know when
retrieval practice does and does not improve student learning—particularly for educators …

How do we go about learning new information? This article reviews the importance of
practicing retrieval of newly experienced information if one wants to be able to retrieve it …

The integration of gestures and pictures into pedagogy has demonstrated potential for
improving adults' learning of foreign language (L2) vocabulary. However, the relative …

Initial teacher education (ITE) offers an underutilized opportunity for bridging the gap
between neuroscience research and educational practice. This article reports on …

Retrieval practice typically benefits later memory more than restudy (ie, the testing effect).
The benefits of retrieval-based learning generalize across a range of materials and contexts …

Spaced retrieval practice consists of repetitions of the same retrieval event distributed
through time. This learning strategy combines two “desirable difficulties”: retrieval practice …

We discuss the findings from our 2006 article in Psychological Science on the testing effect
and describe how the project arose. The testing effect (or retrieval-practice effect) was first …