Pain is a complex phenomenon, involving sensory and emotional experience, that is often
poorly understood, especially in infants, anesthetized patients, and others who cannot …

Pain sensation is essential for survival, since it draws attention to physical threat to the body.
Pain assessment is usually done through self-reports. However, self-assessment of pain is …

Pain is an unpleasant feeling that has been shown to be an important factor for the recovery
of patients. Since this is costly in human resources and difficult to do objectively, there is the …

Pain is a primary symptom in medicine, and accurate assessment is needed for proper
treatment. However, today's pain assessment methods are not sufficiently valid and reliable …

Previous studies on facial expression analysis have been focused on recognizing basic
expression categories. There is limited amount of work on the continuous expression …

Pain is a personal, subjective experience that is commonly evaluated through visual analog
scales (VAS). While this is often convenient and useful, automatic pain detection systems …

Pain assessment is used to improve patients' treatment outcomes. Human observers may be
influenced by personal factors, such as inexperience and medical organizations are facing a …

Limited labeled data are available for the research of estimating facial expression
intensities. For instance, the ability to train deep networks for automated pain assessment is …

Automatic pain intensity estimation has great potential in current rehabilitation medicine, and
patients' health status information can be obtained through the analysis of facial images. At …

Previous research on automatic pain estimation from facial expressions has focused
primarily on “one-size-fits-all” metrics (such as PSPI). In this work, we focus on directly …