Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and
maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein …

Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of the reproductive
axis. Its pulsatile secretion determines the pattern of secretion of the gonadotropins follicle …

Fertility in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH). These neurons differentiate in the olfactory placodes during …

Kallmann syndrome (KS) associates congenital hypogonadism due to gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency and anosmia. The genetics of KS involves various …

This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed
puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both …

Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line,
profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and …

Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone‐1 (GnRH‐1) is essential for mammalian reproduction,
controlling release of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary. GnRH‐1 neurones migrate …

GnRH neurons follow a carefully orchestrated journey from their birth in the olfactory
placode area. Initially, they migrate along with the vomeronasal nerve into the brain at the …

Müller glia (MG) are major retinal supporting cells that participate in retinal metabolism,
function, maintenance, and protection. During the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) …

Human prenatal skin is populated by innate immune cells, including macrophages, but
whether they act solely in immunity or have additional functions in morphogenesis is …