Withdrawal from opioids involves a negative affective state that promotes maintenance of
drug-seeking behavior and relapse. As such, understanding the neurobiological …

This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Adolescents may be more sensitive to stress-induced alcohol drinking than adults, which
would explain the higher prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence in late adolescence …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder that affects almost 20% of the
global population. In addition, much evidence has implicated altered function of the gamma …

Metabotropic GABAB receptors (GABABRs) mediate slow inhibition and modulate synaptic
plasticity throughout the brain. Dysfunction of GABABRs has been associated with …

Gender-and age-dependent effects on the severity of morphine dependence are still
controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age and sex on the …

Introduction Oleanolic acid (OA) has been shown to be useful for the treatment of mental
disorders. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of OA in animal models of …

Drug dependence is a chronic brain disease characterized by craving and recurrent
episodes of relapse. Tramadol HCl is a promising agent for withdrawal symptoms …

There is substantial evidence that GABA B agonist, baclofen, prevents somatic and
motivational responses induced by nicotine withdrawal and may target drug cue …

Addiction is a chronic disorder that consists of a three-stage cycle of binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages involve …