The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R, S)-ketamine causes rapid onset
and sustained antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes involved in the homeostasis of both cAMP and
cGMP. They are members of a family of proteins that includes 11 subfamilies with different …

Cortical neuron atrophy is a hallmark of depression and includes neurite retraction, dendritic
spine loss, and decreased synaptic density. Psychoplastogens, small molecules capable of …

Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can
impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on …

Environmental enrichment (EE) is an environmental paradigm encompassing sensory,
cognitive, and physical stimulation at a heightened level. Previous studies have reported the …

Conventional antidepressants are widely employed in several psychiatric and neurologic
disorders, yet the mechanisms underlying their delayed and partial therapeutic effects are …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the survival and functioning of neurons
in the central nervous system and contributes to proper functioning of many non-neural …

Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), which comprise a family of three homologous serine-threonine
kinases, were first described for their role in sodium sensing but have since been shown to …

Background Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a key complication affecting
older individuals after anesthesia and surgery. Failure to translate multiple pharmacological …

Background Depression is a common kind of mental illness, and it becomes the main health
burden in the world. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the antidepressant …