The great taxonomic diversity of the Orchidaceae is often attributed to adaptive radiation for
specific pollinators driven by selection for outcrossing. However, when one looks beyond the …

The orchid family is renowned for its enormous diversity of pollination mechanisms and
unusually high occurrence of non-rewarding flowers compared to other plant families. The …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Experimental evidence for positive interactions, or facilitation, among plants has increased
markedly during the last 10 years. Experiments documenting facilitation have been …

The present article reviews the various definitions and terminology of pollen viability and
longevity as well as the various tests of its assessment. We compare the advantages and the …

Mutualisms (interspecific cooperative interactions) are ubiquitously exploited by organisms
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …

Nectar is the most important reward offered by plants to pollinating animals. This book is a
modern and interdisciplinary text on nectar and nectaries, prompted by the expansion of …

The local density of a plant population can influence both the number of pollinators attracted
and the behavior (and thus pollination efficiency) of those that are. I present the results of a …

▪ Abstract Insects of the order Hymenoptera are biologically and economically important
members of natural and agro ecosystems and exhibit diverse biologies, mating systems, and …

Mimicry is a classic example of adaptation through natural selection. The traditional focus of
mimicry research has been on defence in animals, but there is now also a highly-developed …