Shadow enhancers are seemingly redundant transcriptional cis-regulatory elements that
regulate the same gene and drive overlapping expression patterns. Recent studies have …

Animal genomes are folded in topologically associating domains (TADs) that have been
linked to the regulation of the genes they contain by constraining regulatory interactions …

A critical question in biology is how new traits evolve, but studying this in wild animals
remains challenging. Here, we probe the genetic basis of trait gain in sea robin fish, which …

Establishing causal links between non-coding variants and human phenotypes is an
increasing challenge. Here, we introduce a high-throughput mouse reporter assay for …

Paired fins are a major innovation, that evolved in the jawed vertebrate lineage after
divergence from living jawless vertebrates. Extinct jawless armoured stem gnathostomes …

Since the split of the coelacanth lineage from other osteichthyans 420 million years ago, the
morphological disparity of this clade has remained remarkably stable. Only few outliers with …

In many animal hosts, microbial symbionts are housed within specialized structures known
as symbiotic organs, but the evolutionary origins of these structures have rarely been …

Evolutionary phenotypic transitions, such as the fin-to-limb transition in vertebrates, result
from modifications in related proteins and their interactions, often in response to changing …

Glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, are the major components
in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have revealed the heterogeneity of each glial …

With over 18,000 species, the Acanthomorpha, or spiny-rayed fishes, form the largest and
arguably most diverse radiation of vertebrates. One of the key novelties that contributed to …