When assessing causal effects, determining the target population to which the results are
intended to generalize is a critical decision. Randomized and observational studies each …

Education research has experienced a methodological renaissance over the past two
decades, with a new focus on large-scale randomized experiments. This wave of …

Prediction models can perform poorly when deployed to target distributions different from the
training distribution. To understand these operational failure modes, we develop a method …

Public health researchers and practitioners are calling for greater focus on external validity,
the ability to generalize findings of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) beyond the limited …

This chapter explains a new approach that survey samplers can use when designing
probability samples for survey experiments where there is a possibility of treatment …

The performance of decision policies and prediction models often deteriorates when applied
to environments different from the ones seen during training. To ensure reliable operation …

The current study tests the crime prevention effect of different police actions conducted
during a foot-patrol saturation initiative in Newark, New Jersey. Police actions were …

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) serve as the cornerstone for understanding causal
effects, yet extending inferences to target populations presents challenges due to effect …

Background: Variations in local context bedevil the assessment of external validity: the
ability to generalize about effects of treatments. For evaluation, the challenges of assessing …

When planning a cluster randomized trial, evaluators often have access to an enumerated
cohort representing the target population of clusters. Practicalities of conducting the trial …