This review examines the dichotomy between automatic and autonomous behaviors in
surgical robots, maps the possible levels of autonomy of these robots, and describes the …

Background This paper aims to move the debate forward regarding the potential for artificial
intelligence (AI) and autonomous robotic surgery with a particular focus on ethics, regulation …

Autonomous robotic surgery has the potential to provide efficacy, safety, and consistency
independent of individual surgeon's skill and experience. Autonomous anastomosis is a …

We present a survey of recent work on robot manipulation and sensing of deformable
objects, a field with relevant applications in diverse industries such as medicine (eg surgical …

Robot-assisted spine surgery has recently emerged as a viable tool to enable less invasive
and higher precision surgery. The first-ever spine robot, the SpineAssist (Mazor Robotics …

The current paradigm of robot-assisted surgeries (RASs) depends entirely on an individual
surgeon's manual capability. Autonomous robotic surgery—removing the surgeon's hands …

In 2016, Shademan et al reported complete in vivo, autonomous robotic anastomosis of
porcine intestine using the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR). 1, 2 Although …

Surgical robots have been widely adopted with over 4000 robots being used in practice
daily. However, these are telerobots that are fully controlled by skilled human surgeons …

Tissue manipulation is a frequently used fundamental subtask of any surgical procedures,
and in some cases it may require the involvement of a surgeon's assistant. The complex …

Background From traditional open surgery to laparoscopic surgery and robot‐assisted
surgery, advances in robotics, machine learning, and imaging are pushing the surgical …