We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The Piacenzian stage of the Pliocene (2.6 to 3.6 Ma) is the most recent past interval of
sustained global warmth with mean global temperatures markedly higher (by~ 2–3 C) than …

The geological record encodes the relationship between climate and atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) over long and short timescales, as well as potential drivers of evolutionary …

Abstract The Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT), where the Pleistocene glacial cycles
changed from 41 to∼ 100 kyr periodicity, is one of the most intriguing unsolved issues in the …

The Sahara is the largest hot desert on Earth. Yet the timing of its inception and its response
to climatic forcing is debated, leading to uncertainty over the causes and consequences of …

Cenozoic evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets is thought to be driven primarily by long-term
changes in radiative forcing, but the tectonic evolution of Antarctica may also have played a …

Earth's climate cooled markedly during the late Miocene from 12 to 5 million years ago, with
far-reaching consequences for global ecosystems. However, the driving forces of these …